15. Objectivity

Departures From Objectivity
Chapter 15 subsection

The ideal or goal of objectivity is represented in the legal system by the idea of impartiality. Lawyers, juries and judges interpret evidence and laws. One aim is to obtain impartial, objective verdicts of guilt or innocence, and assignments of blame, damages and punishments.

Rules and laws are subject to geographic chances. In different countries, we have different legal systems. Some are impartial. In these there is an attempt to apply previously established rules and regulations objectively. In other systems, the justice may be corrupted by bribes, prejudice, etc. Even in the more-or-less impartial ones, laws and regulations differ. So what is against a law or a regulation in one location may be legal in another.

Laws, including commercial ones, often have a moral or religious basis. Moral and religious ideas often define and differentiate groups. What is considered polite, or inoffensive in one group, will be impolite or offensive in others. Laws and regulations in legal systems reflect these differences.

Laws and regulations are often, if not always, subject to human interpretation. Commercial laws are intended to control or regulate business. Laws may also define or remove previous obligations or liabilities. The economic needs, self-interest and desires of people, affect laws.

Lawmakers are further requested by interest groups to write laws in one way or another. Each group readily accepts laws to control and restrict the behavior of any other group but itself. Laws as they are being formulated may be changed minutely to the benefit of one group or another. All of us have different ideas of what is fair. Our laws themselves are compromises between the views, principles and interests of several groups, often satisfactory to none. So we cannot say in advance that a set of laws will be complete and not contradictory.

Circumstances may occur to which the laws apply, but for which the rules are not intended. Or unforeseen circumstances will occur to which the laws do not directly apply. This points to the need for a new law or new judgments about the application of existing laws. Human laws are human creations. And humans individually or collectively may err. The formulation of laws and rules and principles by people introduces the possibility of error.

Postscript 2001-01-31 (Online Only): Rules and regulations are written or drafted by clerks or civil servants in a government under the direction of a cabinet minister. Most law makers, following the direction of their parties, typically do NOT read in full the laws and regulations they pass. In consequence, lawmakers do not know their own intent in passing a rule. The precise interpretation of an imprecise rule or law may be left to courts or judges. The latter try to guess the "original" intent of the law. That is absurd. For example, the fall 2000 US federal elections with it counting of votes and voter intent in Florida according to ambiguous or inconsistent laws and regulation provided an instance of this, and a court battle to determine the US president.

Approximate Objectivity

Laws and regulations, however obtained, may be applied in an objective manner. Objectivity may be subject to mitigating circumstances, political interference, the ability of lawyers, the opinions or morals of judges, etc. Results may vary or differ due to different laws and mores in different locations — including your hometown; or due to ad hoc departures from objective applications and interpretations of existing laws and rules, however carefully written or not. But the ideal of objectivity with human-made and human-applied regulation remains.

A. More Arithmetic a must for algebra etc

D. Logic In Mathematics

G. Algebra with Take Home Value

I. Vectors & Functions

Decimal Lesson - Reference
Counting & Addition   (8 lessons)
Comparison to Subtraction (9 lessons)
Multiplication ( 11 lessons)
Long Division (12 lessons)
Decimals and Primes (8 lessons)
-Primes & Composites
-Primes Factorization
-Greatest Common Divisors & Multiples.
-Prime Factorization Aids (Learn how to find factors quickly)
-Prime Factorization Examples
-Counting & Generating. Factors.
-Divisibility Rules and Remainders for Division by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11.
Integers (12 lessons) Intro to Signed Numbers
Fractions (< 20 lessons)  Essential Skills & Concepts
Ratios & Fractions (3 lessons): Similarities & Differences
Units in calculations Fractions with Units

B. Basic Algebra

Solving Linear Equations
- in one unknown. Intro with stick diagrams?
the normal way & with good nttn. (the nttn that reappears in Gaussian Elimination. |
-in more unknowns: simultaneous equations essentially one unknown. the let algebra do the work view of word problems.
- still in more unknowns: Gaussian Elimination via substitution, by equality or comparison, by operations on equations.

C. More Algebra

Words before symbols: See if U like the lengthy chapters 8 to 12 in Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra
What is a Variable. The answer here is a simple prequel to the modern mathematics viewpoint.

First, every rule & pattern U meet in math, logic & science will be used forwards and backwards. Get a head start with this theme by reading Chapter 14 in Three Skills for Algebra. Second, in the study of Proportionality Relations (3 dense lessons here) finding the proportionality constant gives an initial backward use of the proportionality formula.

Talking about words before symbols and the forward and backward use of formulas gives words to make algebra simpler & clearer.

If you can not read or write precisely, you will have difficulty in following instructions. One wordy remedy is given by chapters 2 to 5 in Three Skills for Algebra. Where does Logic or a geometric model for reason Appear in Mathematics? The answer lies in Euclidean-Geometry In North America, Euclidean Geometry disappeared from high school mathematics as it was too hard. The light treatment here is a possible remedy.

E. More Geometry

The Pythagorean Theorem. Chapter 17 from in Three Skills for Algebra uses algebra and geometry   to show why the Pythagorean equation for right triangles holds. Its forward and backward use is common exercise.. At a more theoretical level, the Pythagorean theorem leads the discovery that not all lengths can be fractional multiples of a unit length. That geometrically implies a need for and even existence of irrational numbers.
Analytic Geometry: Common Practices with Maps and Plans drawn to scale give coordinate-dependent base for senior high school development of similarity, trig, vectors and straight lines.
Complex Numbers: This lesson on Complex Numbers draws on Euclidean and Analytic geometry. Sbortcuts simplifiy trig identities, the cosine law; and   trig formulas for 2D dot- and cross-products.

F. Logarithms, Exponentials,
Roots & Powers

Logarithms, exponentials, rational and real powers for secondary students. This complete Operational Viewpoint. (Sufficient for the precalculus forward and backward use of compound growth and decay formulas in biology, physics, chemistry, personal finance, and calculus. To learn more, if you study calculus, see chapter 19 of Volume 3, Why Slopes and More.Math

In Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra, chapters

identify methods useful in money computations, methods needed for calculus. Your teachers or other writer may present the same ideas with greater clarity and detail - A site to do.

H. Polynomial & Quadratics

Analytic Geometry: - Slopes and Lines - Take 1.   Take 2 appears in site section Maps and Plans.   Two views are better than one. I may combine them later. -In my school days, slopes appeared year after year.   This Why Slopes calculus preview on graphs of functions y = f(x) explains why. Enjoy.
Quadratics and Polynomials: - Operations on Polynomials: Meet a light and ultraquick geometric introduction to multiplication, addition and subtraction of polynomials. Then see how the foregoing combine to permit long division of polynomials. Compare Fractions with Units. Enrichment: A Plus: The Geometric introduction here gives or is almost identical to a justification for column methods in decimal arithmetic.
Geometric Derivation of the Quadratic Formula:   The account here gives a starter lesson for the more algebraically harder geometric-free derivation. If you study physics, chemistry or trigonometry, you will need to know about quadratics, their factorization and the quadratic formula.
Technical Value: The study of polynomials high school mathematics has technical value as part of the senior high school mathematics preparation for calculus. This simple account of Why Factor Polynomials   (Chapters 2 to 6 in Volume 3 .Why.Slopes.&.More.Math.) will give a context for the study of polynomials, their factorization, and sign analysis of functions, all in a way that should improve your algebraic thinking and reasoning skills.

Vectors in the Plane (2 simple lessons)
- Navigation with vectors or arrows
- Sum of Motions
- more lessons to be added later.
Operations on movement or vectors along the line and in the plane have value in mathematics in defining and implying the properties of real and complex numbers before the assumption of those properties as axioms. Vectors and their properties appear in physics, its mathematical description and formulation.
- Functions - Forwards & Backwards. Here is a full technical reference (24 lessons) for use in a calculus or precalculus course as needed. In it, the set viewpoint of functions expression of modern pure mathematics. comes from the set-based codification and
In the mathematics education reforms of the 1960s in North America, primary and secondary school mathematics were expressed in terms of sets. That expression has now retreated from primary and secondary school texts. But it still lingers on, and can be very useful, a source of clarity and precision, in the situations where it should be retained: Counting with the aid of sets and functions; the description of functions; the high school account of probability theory; and in the discussion or illustration of ideas in logic.

J. Pre-Calculus Skill Check

- Arithmetic Skill Check. In the calculus courses I taught 1983-89, too many students had weak skills in arithmetic. I would give and carefully correct these exercises to tell students what they needed to review and master.
- All the skills and concepts in Chapters 1 to 24 or Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra: Look for those you do not understand and fill the gaps. Do so quickly while balancing this advice with your other duties. Good luck.

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Search For Repeatable and Reproducible Methods

Departures From Objectivity Chapter 15 subsection

Approximate Objectivity

Departures From Objectivity
Chapter 15 subsection