Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason  ( Français)  
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 Logic mastery is key to easing or avoiding learning difficulties in work & studies. 
What does it mean to use a formula forwards and backwards? 

Online Volumes (Book Orders)
1,  Elements of Reason. 1996
1A. Pattern Based Reason  1995
1B. Math Curriculum Notes 1996
2. Three Skills for Algebra  1995
3.
Why Slopes & More Math 1995

Links To Tutoring Services

Site  Folders for Instructors & Adults
A.  Public Policy Matters -  Essays
B.  Mathematics  Education Essays  2006-7
C -Logic & Applied Math Program  
    for education,  June 22, 2008 
D. Quebec English Math Ed -  1997-2005
E. Help your child or teen
How TOs/ Ref.-08- 2008
1. Arithmetic Reference
2. Algebra 
3. More Algebra 
4. Geometry  
5. More Geometry
6. Calculus
7. Logics in Maths
Curriculum Cuts Back ] Area Intro ] Next ]
Quebec High School Mathematics Education (English Version of)

his folder has a tree like structure. The child, same level and parent level webpages for this webpage follow..

 Area Intro ] Copy Right Matters ] [ Curriculum Cuts ] Intermediate Objectives ] MEQ Objectives ]

116 Textbooks
116 Objectives
116 Check List
116 Suggestions
216 Objectives
216 Check List
216 Book Review
216 Nonsense or BullShit
216 Suggestions
314 Objectives
314 Check List
314 Suggestions
416 Objectives
416 Check List
416 Suggestions
436 Objectives
436 Checklist
436 Suggestions
436 Book Reviews
436 Nonsense in
514 Objectives
514 Suggestions
514 Book Reviews
536 Objectives
536 Suggestions
536 Book Reviews

More Links: 

D What to do in School & Why  

E.How to Study Mathematics

Area pages  represent an effort to follow and understand the objectives of the 1997-2005, the prior reform, and the text books required and used 1997-2005. In retrospect, the objectives and texts in question are too incoherent, too full of nonsense, for rational comprehension and for service as a base for the current reform.    A farce is a farce, is a farce


Curriculum Content Shrinkage

While most students will not take calculus, preparing for calculus, the core skills and concepts it requires,  provides focus for mathematics instruction which prepares for all arts, trades and disciplines needing mathematics. To that a second focus on consumer mathematics possibly in a course by itself could provide drill and practice, with explanation offered, of arithmetic, algebraic and geometry students may need in their daily lives buying and selling, and maintaining their homes. Developing the ability to follow  methods, one step at a time, and one step after another, in a repeatable and reproducible manner is needed at home in cooking, in balancing a cheque book, in filling tax forms, in working at a fast food restaurant, in building or constructing or maintaining buildings and so far.  In some subjects or field of work, creativity has to be discipline in favour of mastery methods carefully for the sake of repeatable and reproducible results.   And in Quebec mathematics classrooms, secondary I to V, I have seen students having difficulty in evaluation expression involving whole numbers and fractions in a repeatable and reproducible way, independent of the students - a half-dozen different results may be offered by a class.

The Quebec curriculum of the reforms in the 1990's for secondary II to V emphasizes at length and explicitly

  • modes of representation, the different ways a situation or problem can be described with word, numbers, diagrams or symbols.
  • transformations of the plane and space including dilatations (enlarging and reducing with a negative or positive proportionality factor), isometry, rotation and reflections in coordinate and/or coordinate free ways. Dilatations provide a context for similarity of regions in the plane and space.
  • Similarity in the plane and space.
  • Direct, partial, inverse and square variation or proportionality
  • Statistics

While mathematics has many fine topics which students could learn, trying to lead students through too much leads to a loss or absence of a focus. Keep it simple. A clear focus, a simple message, is needed to retain or maintain the attention and will-to-learn in mathematics.  Without a clear focus, the mathematics education become a lengthy formality. It is taught for the sake of employment and learnt for the sake of a high school teaching certificate.    Doing less well may appeal to students and still give a solid base  for calculus and for all arts, trades and disciplines needing mathematics. Quality is better than quantity for content in mathematics course design. 

Modes of Representation, Cut
in secondary II to V

In my judgment, modes of representation need not be explicitly discussed nor emphasized. This much ado about nothing. Different ways of representing or modeling situation appear as a matter of course in learning and teaching mathematics.  Different modes of representation are intertwined in the development and use of mathematics.  Students can learn all by doing and seeing.  The discussion of different modes of representation belongs to the anthropological study of mathematical activity and not to secondary school courses in mathematics. The discussion of different modes of representation provides a level of abstraction which distracts students and teachers from core skills and topics. The discussion of different modes of representation could remain if the powers-that-be insist part of the discussion of how to teach to provide a wider context for instruction.  Cut. 

Transformations and Similarity - Minimize 
Cut in secondary II to IV

The lengthy discussion of transformations, here dilatations and isometrics, and the lengthy exposure to similarity in secondary II, III and IV, is not mathematical necessary. In earlier days, and still in other areas of the world, students may learn about similarity of triangles and scales on map briefly. The logical development of trigonometry only requires a minimal treatment of similarity, that sufficient to imply trigonometric ratios in right triangles depend only on angles and not the scale. The lengthy discussion of transformations, here dilatations and isometrics, and the lengthy exposure to similarity does not enrich the mathematics program here in Quebec.  It simply distracts students and teachers from core skills and topics. Cut. 

Spatial Sense - Minimize or Move

The development of spatial sense is in part premature and in part misplaced.  Drawing methods and drawing perspectives could be place in an art, drafting and/or technical drawing courses, with the implication that geometry has  applications and extensions outside of mathematics.  Courses on woodwork (carpentry) and technical trades could discuss the drawing and interpretation of 2 and 3 plans.   The discussion of prisms and crystal shapes could take place in a course on physical science or geography or geology. The relations between between the number of vertices, edges and faces of polyhedron, the development of Euler's relation or formula could be left to a college or university course. While calculus and other subjects may require some spatial sense, the postponed  just in time development or refinement of spatial sense is recommended.

That being said, the presentation if not development of formulas for surface area and volumes, their direct and indirect use, would tie geometry and algebra together.  To go further, geometry, arithmetic and algebra can be illustrated the additive calculation of area and volume for regions in the plane or space divisible in to simpler subregions, subregions simpler in the sense that their area or volume can can calculated.. It requires some spatial sense and introduces the idea there is more to mathematics that working along a line or in the plane.  That is sufficient. 

In secondary II, the full development of spatial sense (40% of the school year) as indicated in the first chapter of book 1, in accordance with the MEQ curriculum represent too much information.  The coverage of similitude's is not needed in my opinion.  

I hope that the official curriculum of Quebec in the future will move most of  spatial sense development to another course (drafting, art, drawing, crystals shapes) so that students are not alienated by a vast quantity of  mathematics, intellectually appealing many senses, but  context-free, long and pointless for most students. 

The coverage of algebra (45%) is suboptimal in book 1. Students would not be harmed I think and might even be better off without the formality of covering the algebra in the MEQ curriculum for secondary III.  

Is secondary III mathematics time, well-spent? I say no.  It provides marks but little or no preparation for secondary IV mathematics, save for a further unnecessary coverage of  dilatation transformations.

Study of Variation - Cut

Secondary III mathematics emphasizes the study of linear functions and their use in the too lengthy discussion of direct, inverse, square and partial variation.  Most of this is topic that could be treated in a lesson or two, or as aside,  after students have mastered problem solving with linear equations in one or two unknowns. 

Statistics -  Should not be taught without the Prerequisites

The curriculum objectives for secondary I to V emphasize the develop of critical thinking with respect to the presentation, interpretation and collection of statistics.  Critical thinking is the unifying theme.  That connection is well put and well-written  in one of Teachers Guide for the MEQ approved textbooks for Mathematics 436.  But this emphasis on critical thinking is at odds with the practice in Quebec mathematics courses.  With and without a calculator, students cannot do arithmetic in a repeatable and reproducible manner.  Before we talk about developing critical thinking in statistics, students need to be taught how to follow arithmetic and logical lines of figuring in a repeatable and reproducible manner. That is a missing prerequisite.

The MEQ emphasis on critical thinking through statistics is not yet supported in secondary III to V by student inability to do arithmetic.. Critical thinking should be based on the ability to follow methods one step at a time and one after another with care and precision.  Without that ability being emphasized, rational faculties of students lie dormant. 

The objectives for Math 314 call for students to

  • derive qualitative information about a distribution from its mean, median, mode or range.
  • describe a distribution, given its mean, median, mode or range.

Here students should understand that knowledge of the  median, mode and range of a how a number or quantity is distributed provides a limited window on its behavior or distribution.  Here many different distributions can have the same median, mode or range.  This information can be used to contrast distributions and to highlight their differences. Knowledge of the latter by itself does not provide a full picture of the data, does not fully characterize the data. 

The objectives for mathematics 416, 426 and 436 call for students to

  • use measures of position to compare data. 
    (w: examples please.)
  • construct a box-and-whisker plot from quartiles.
  • interpret a box-and-whisker plot.
    (w: serious examples please.)
  •  find qualitative information about the dispersion of the data in a one-variable distribution, using measures of position and measures of central tendency.

Measures of position provide an internal ranking of data set and may be used to indicate the significance of scores. The Box and whisker plot provides a visual ways to view the distribution and dispersion of data. And in contrasting  two sets of scores or numbers, Box and whisker plots can emphasize the difference in quantitative or qualitative manner.  But many distribution may have the same or similar quartile distribution and hence the same or similar Box and Whisker plot visualization of the distribution's quartiles.  But within each quarter or quartile, data distribution may vary greatly.  Histograms with finer divisions of data may provide a clearer view of the similarity or differences. 

In Mathematics 514 and 536, there are estimates of correlation coefficients based on rules which may be used but justified. That favors rote learning - the exposition and mastery of mathematical methods without any explanation why.  It is nice to know, but not really necessary.

Mathematics 514 - Rewrite

This course emphasizes

  • 50% optimization techniques - linear optimization theory and graphs
  • 30% develop  ability to analyze statistical data and data related to probabilities. 
  • 20%  analyze  geometric situations.

The whole course is full of material for students who typically do not a have good command of arithmetic or good command of fraction sense. The material here can be used to fine-tune and develop their fraction sense and skills, and their ability to apply formulas directly and indirectly. The discussion of optimization methods for graphs, weighted graphs, shows that deliberate trial and error may be required in some mathematical problems.  That being said, this course fills the requirement for high school graduation but it not meet the needs of students for a practical command of mathematics in their daily lives and forthcoming careers. 

As said above, developing the ability to follow  methods, one step at a time, and one step after another, in a repeatable and reproducible manner is needed at home in cooking, in balancing a cheque book, in filling tax forms, in working at a fast food restaurant, in building or constructing or maintaining buildings and so far.  In some subjects or field of work, creativity has to be discipline in favour of mastery methods carefully for the sake of repeatable and reproducible results.  

Here are students, many of whom will become parents - later rather than sooner we hope.  There is an opportunity in this course to talk about how to tutor young kids to develop a good primary school level comprehension of mathematics including place value,  the explanation  and justification of place value or decimal methods for addition, subtraction, multiplication, the development of fraction skills and sense, and how it important for algebra.  See the Solving Linear Equations with Stick Diagrams = Fractions,  Ratios, Rates, Proportions  & Units areas of this site. Give these students the ideas that skills and concepts in primary school (and elsewhere) need to be develop in some sequence, cumulatively, one at time and one after another, with verification at step. That might improve their study skills. Talking about how to describe and propagate the reasoning in mathematics  and the expectation of repeatable and reproducible results in arithmetic, algebra and geometry may raise the common understanding of mathematics and its logic. 

This suggestion for Mathematics 514 into tutors could be appropriate for all students.  The call in the current or forthcoming reform for better communication skills in general could be translated in to the view that a subject is not fully understood until a student can communicate its skills and concepts to others directly or indireclty.

 

 

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