Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason (www.whyslopes.com)
||Définition d'une variable || Algèbre || Arithmetique || Logique ||La raison basée sur les règles et modelés||

Online Volumes
1,  Elements of Reason.
1A. Pattern Based Reason 
1B. Math Curriculum Notes
2. Three Skills for Algebra
3. Why Slopes & More Math

 (Optional Book Orders)
More Site Areas 
1. Help Your Child or Teen Learn 
2. Solving Linear Equations
3. Fractions Ratios Rates Proportions & Units
4. Euclidean Geometry
5. Analytic Geometry/Functions 
6. Number Theory
7. More Calculus
More Site Areas 
8. Complex Numbers 
9. Qc Maths  Education  
10. Secondary IV(?) maths
11. Real  Analysis 
12. LaTeX2HotEqn:
13. Electric Circuits Etc  
14.  Français
15. Algebra, Odds & Ends, Etc
More Site Areas 
16. Math Education Essays
17. Telling & Working with Time
18. Maps, Plans & Drawings
19. Quantitative Skills for  home, shopping and work 
20. Statistics Useful, or Not.

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Operational View & Values


YOU are better than YOU think. Show yourself  how:  

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Read  logic chapters 1 to 5  in online volume Three Skills for Algebra  for greater skills & confidence in  work 
and study

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 Logic chapters 1 to 5  re- appear not in sequence, as is or longer,  in  Volume 1A,  Pattern Based Reason, Bon Appetite.

Logic Mastery
 Amazing, Amusing, Amorous,  Delicious, Delightful, Edifying, Strengthening Elixir. 
It eases work & learning difficulties Makes the hard easier. Opens eyes. Leads to greater precision.
in reading and
writing

Logic mastery makes the hard, easier. Logic mastery  leads to better, stronger and richer comprehension.  Logic mastery  improves reading and writing.  Logic mastery ease learning difficulties.  Logic mastery gives a headstart.  In sum, logic mastery  will develops critical thinking, improve reading and writing, and give a firmer base for work and studies at many levels. Good luck.


After logic  (a) continue reading Three Skills for Algebra, chapters 8 to 14  and do so alongside site area on solving liinear Equations ; or (b) see this calculus starter lesson and Volume 3, Why Slopes  & More Math, chapters 2 to 6;

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Caution: Site advice is approximately correct, for some circumstances, not all. That leaves room for thought

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What may be learnt and when depends on how skills and concepts are developed. Making the hard easier and clearer will allow earlier & richer development of skills and concepts.


Try the Twiddla Whiteboard. In principle, it  allows to people to draw and chat together online on a copy of this webpage or a clean sheet. The chat may be via text or audio.  Visit www.twiddla.com to set up whiteboards to work with the webpage of your choice.

For online automated help in senior high school maths & calculus, visit  quickmath.com  For Automatic Calculus and Algebra Help with derivatives, integrals, graphs, linear equations, matrix algebra, visit calc101.com  With  overlap, each site quickmath & calc101offers a different range of services, some free, some not, all based on webmathematica. Good luck.


Operational Viewpoint

Students need an operational command of fractions, logic, algebra, geometry, trig and calculus. Seeing how to follow multi-step methods to obtain and present results in a repeatable, reproducible, readable and therefore verifiable (right or wrong) manner may be source of confidence in the reliability of mathematics and a source of abilities or a sign of intelligence for further work and studies.   

For students with no immediate interest in the know-why, a focus on the practice, an operational command of key skills and concepts may make comprehension later of the know-why easier and more appealing.  For high school mathematics and calculus, fraction sense and an efficient command of arithmetic with fractions is more important than full comprehension of why the calculation methods work, but seeing the why, depending on the student, may help with the practice. Logic or chains of reason appear in many places in mathematics.  A mix of logic and rote learning may be optimal. 

 In mathematics, skill and confidence begins with  arithmetic  methods  with repeatable and reproducible  results - so answers are right or wrong, and so that student acquire the discipline to follow steps carefully. Drill and practice in  whole numbers and fraction arithmetic and meaning (number sense)  until second nature is needed in moderation.   Explanations why arithmetic  methods work may be presented in part as aids to their mastery, where not too complicated nor too alienating for students.  The fact that a method works may be sufficient empirically and hence intellectually for many. The further development of mathematics (algebra, logic, geometry, trig, calculus)  after arithmetic provides opportunities to emphasize the thinking part of the subject, at which point some, not all, may revisit arithmetic methods to see why they work, but for marking and evaluation, an operational command is sufficient.  Tutoring, or checklist approach to skill and comprehension development and tracking for each student, may go further.

In skill and concept based subjects, I would like to see instructors track for each student, which skills and concepts have been mastered and to what level, so that students and teachers have a clearer guide for what needs to be reviewed or learnt. Keeping such a checklist might allow a teacher to say to student, you may skip these question, but you have to do or try those.  That may lead to more thought in direction of studies and less work in marking in mathematics or science courses alone and in sequence.  That may also provide an objective evaluation of a students skill and concept level. 

The thought-based development of applied mathematics present in site pages may stand alone or be seen as platform for further studies in modern mathematics, pure or applied.  High school mathematics with its reliance on diagrams and coordinates for its comprehension and development is mixed rather than pure mathematics. 

The exposition of mathematics, the introduction of algebra or the shorthand roles of letters and symbols has been confusing in the past for many literate students, skilled and intelligent outside of mathematics.  Innovations in site material may make existing mathematics courses easier  while setting the stage, trust but verify please, for expositional or content changes in high school mathematics and calculus

  • Talking about three skills for algebra and what is a variable may provide a remedy. 

  • The role of logic in mathematics may be seen more easily if logic ideas are introduced and clarified alone. 

  • Algebra shocks in calculus can be eased or avoided by re-arranging calculus to put some easier ideas first. Rigour can come later. 

The implications or scope of site material grew  from just a few ideas to submit to educational authorities to a full, self-contained theory for changing and improving mathematics education, all driven by the inductive principles  for instruction and by reports of poor results in high school mathematics.  Writing began in 1991  to report and develop further fall 1983 starter lessons for logic, algebra and calculus which had been useful in easing or avoiding difficulties in college classrooms 1983-89, lessons which had been motivated by a sense of incompleteness in the introduction of skills and concepts.  

More:

For an operational command of arithmetic, logic, algebra, trig, complex numbers and calculus, students need not see a logical development of geometry.  Students may obtain some of  the algebraic-deductive maturity needed for calculus with or through site coverage of algebra and logic if the arithmetic (field) properties of complex numbers and the decimal representation of real numbers are assumed.  For gifted or interested students, the field properties can derived. 

For that, the  axiomatic, development of Euclidean geometry with rulers and compass instead of coordinates, and assumptions about vector sums are independent of the choice of unit length and orientation of unit directions, combined with the decimal representation of numbers,  may provide a geometric-decimal development of the field properties before the introduction of pure mathematics.

In mixed mathematics curriculum (course design) before the study, if any, of pure mathematics, the full axiomatic development and connection of rules and patterns is not for beginners. Courses instead may focus on a local thought-based development in which some rules and patterns are explicitly assumed or given, and then combined to obtain  further rules and patterns. Here the ability to combine rules and patterns is the objective. Where a full thought based development is too ambitious, too many details for students to follow, this local objective provides a more accessible alternative.

Mathematics education to the level of advanced calculus may have the role of providing a connected, geometric, physical and thought-based development of skills, concepts and comprehension which is functional or operational, and which provides the algebraic- deductive- geometric maturity sufficient for an operational command of mathematics, and sufficient to allow but not compel students to study a more rigorous, axiomatic development and written codification of mathematics. In this role, ease of comprehension  may chosen in the initial development of skills and concepts, so the logic and results are easily understood and repeated. For example the easily understood area-based development of column methods for the multiplication and addition of polynomials is only valid when coefficients and variables are non-negative, but the column methods once learnt, can be explicitly assumed for real- and even complex value coefficients and variables. Advanced mathematics courses can provide the missing rigour.  Students may be content in the first instance with mastering the  use and combination rules and patterns one at a time and one after another in a repeatable, reproducible and thus verifiable manner apart from technical details that may alienate or impede their comprehension.  At the same time, those details should available in appendices or references for students wanting more.

In  mathematics starting with arithmetic, students need to learn or show  how  to arrive at results in a repeatable and reproducible manner, and in that learn or show a mistake in step of a method leads to results that nor repeatable and reproducible.  The thought-based development of mathematics is possible after the arrival of the  skills and patience to needed apply rules and patterns with care and precision, one at a time and then in combination, one after another. The ability to  recognize and combine rules and patterns, once seen and learnt, allows for a thought-based  development and connection of skills and concepts, those to come and optionally those previously covered.  The ability to follow rules and patterns in repeatable, reproducible and therefore objective ways needs to be cultivated along with some caution. That is rules or patterns we apply or follow in this manner may be wrong or off, and in need of correction or abandonment. That is where critical thinking appears.

 

 

www.whyslopes.com
Mathematics Education Essays
57 or so 

Area Entrance & Hub
Ideas for Better Instruction
4 Ways to Improve Reform
Theory of Knowledge
Peer Review
The Trouble With Algebra
Course Design and Delivery
How Letters Appear
Sit Down & Study
Modern Education
Key Notes and Themes
Site Lesson Plans
How This Site Differs
Site Origins
Math & Logic Puzzles
Comments on site content.

Words For Instructors
Inductive Principles
Fairness Principles
Apprentices & Masters
Three Remarks
For a Leaner Curriculum
Mixed Maths Curricula
Cultivating Intelligence
Reason - 3 kinds in maths
Logic in Mathematics
Science Education
Maths Instruction in General
Operational View & Values
Standards
Ends and Values
Goals & Unifying Themes
Algebra Lesson Plans
Algebra, Geometrically
Mathematics Curriculum Shifts
Teaching Tips - Fractions to Calculus
Math Ed Perils
Talk the algebra talk
Sec I  - Fraction Focus
Sec II -  algebra focus
Sec III - Focus on Slopes
Maps-Plans-Drawings
Math Wall Posters
Education, Empirical Art
Damage Reversal
North American Math Curriculum
Managing Reform
Essay January 2007
Educational Follies
Contructivism Incomplete
Missing the Point I
Mathematics in Context
What and When, A Challenge
Grouping Students
Teacher Certification
Education of Math Ed. Professors
Site Eurekas
Links

Help Me Learn/Teach;

  1. Algebra
    words before symbols - direct & indirect use of formula, numerical versus algebraic solutions - what is a variable (more words)
  2. Arithmetic
    - exercises
    - with fractions
    - videos on primes, lcm, gcm,lcd, square roots etc
  3. Calculus - geometric preview, algebraic preview,
    3 study guides,
    much more
  4. Complex numbers
    -starter lesson with java applet - easy consequences for trig & vectors in the plane
  5. Education
    - Empirical Course Design & Delivery
  6. Fractions
    - alone
    - by rote
    - with algebra
    - videos
  1. Functions - introduction
    hindsight - composition aka
    substitution
    -
  2. Geometry, Euclidean - Correspondence of trianglesTriangle construction,  duplication & Isometry - Failure of ASA & the // line postulate - angle sum in triangles -// grams - Triangle Similarity
  3. Geometry- Analytic - functions, polynomials, complex numbers, unit circle trigonometry
  4. Logic
    - First Steps -
    Symbols in Logic -
     Occurrence & Truth Tables - Indirect Reason -Indirect Reason More
  5. Proportionality
    - Definition - Direct & Indirect Use - Numerical versus Algebraic Solutions
  6. Real Analysis
    - Decimal View of concepts and of proofs
  7. Rules &Patterns in Science, Technology & Society - Pattern Based Reason
  8. Mathematical Reasoning, empirical, inductive or deductive
  9. Units
    - in rates & slopes & (?) derivatives
    - in ratios & proportions - slopes & rates included
  10. Complex Numbers & Vectors & Trig
    trig expression for dot & cross - cosine law


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The Rest © 1995 onward by site author,   Alan Selby,
a 1983 McGill. Ph. D. in mathematics
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