Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason (www.whyslopes.com)
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||Définition d'une variable || Algèbre || Arithmetique || Logique ||La raison basée sur les règles et modelés||

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1A. Pattern Based Reason 
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3. Why Slopes & More Math
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** Means Under-construction.

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HIP, HIP, HIP, Hooray
YOU are better than YOU think. Show yourself  how:
  

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Read  logic chapters 1 to 5  in online volume Three Skills for Algebra  for greater skills & confidence in  work 
and study

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 Logic chapters 1 to 5  re- appear not in sequence, as is or longer,  in  Volume 1A,  Pattern Based Reason, Bon Appetite.

Logic Mastery
 Amazing, Amusing, Amorous,  Delicious, Delightful, Edifying, Strengthening Elixir. 
It eases work & learning difficulties Makes the hard easier. Opens eyes. Leads to greater precision.
in reading and
writing

Logic mastery makes the hard, easier. Logic mastery  leads to better, stronger and richer comprehension.  Logic mastery  improves reading and writing.  Logic mastery ease learning difficulties.  Logic mastery gives a headstart.  In sum, logic mastery  will develops critical thinking, improve reading and writing, and give a firmer base for work and studies at many levels. Good luck.


After logic  (a) continue reading Three Skills for Algebra, chapters 8 to 14  and do so alongside site area on solving liinear2007 Equations ; or (b) see this calculus starter lesson and Volume 3, Why Slopes  & More Math, chapters 2 to 6;

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Caution: Site advice is approximately correct, for some circumstances, not all. That leaves room for thought

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What may be learnt and when depends on how skills and concepts are developed. Making the hard easier and clearer will allow earlier & richer development of skills and concepts.


Try the Twiddla Whiteboard. In principle, it  allows to people to draw and chat together online on a copy of this webpage or a clean sheet. The chat may be via text or audio.  Visit www.twiddla.com to set up whiteboards to work with the webpage of your choice.

For online automated help in senior high school maths & calculus, visit  quickmath.com  For Automatic Calculus and Algebra Help with derivatives, integrals, graphs, linear equations, matrix algebra, visit calc101.com  With  overlap, each site quickmath & calc101offers a different range of services, some free, some not, all based on webmathematica. Good luck.

 


Three Ways to be a Better Student

  1. Identify what you want or need  to master.
  2. Sit down and study, test yourself by writing answers in full on paper, and ask for help when you have difficulty.
  3. Show your written work to others - instructors, tutors, fellow students or parents - and ask where it is wrong or can be improved. Others cannot read your mind, but they can see and correct what you write.

A skill or concept is fully mastered only when you know how to explain that mastery or develop it for another. That is your stopping rule for each skill and concept you need or want to master.

Suggestion/Advice: Start with Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra. Its wordy logic chapters offer a different way to develop precision reading and writing - two musts forv work and study. Read the wordy algebra chapters 8 to 14 and a wordy postscript  what is a variable for a clearer introduction to algebra.  Try the.. Arithmetic review questions in chapter 7 to test  key skills developed in high school and needed in calculus.  See the  Short videos in Real Player format with low-bandwidth,  review exact calculations with whole numbers, fractions, LCDs, GCDs and primes. Also read fully and completely, alone or with help,  the site area on solving linear equations.  (Follow the this advice is any order you like).

For coming or current calculus studies, see Volume 3, Why Slopes and More Math, chapters 1 to 6, for a Geometric preview (postscript)  and  skill building algebraic perspective. The algebraic way of writing and reasoning is employed in full strength in calculus in manners students find difficult. When first written, Volume 2, Chapters 1 to 14, and Volume 3, Chapters 1 to 6 plus Chapters 14 to 18 offer a unique perspective or solution. See what works.

Three Ways to be a Better Instructor

  1. Identify clearly the skills and concepts your students need to master.
  2. Develop or find lessons and lessons plans to clearly and firmly develop those skills and concepts.
  3. Observe student work to correct errors and react to them - when a student or students have difficulty, take the student or students back before the likely source to rebuild skills and confidence, to remove the source and then to proceed. 

Site material in 900 pages ranges from new or recycled exposition of key skills and concepts to more theoretical discussion of instruction, methods, ends and evaluation.  That being said,  Support for inductive principles for instruction is extensive but not yet complete in site pages. So writing will continue.

Recommendation: See Chapters 1 to 14 of Volume 2 and the site areas on solving linear equations, or see the descriptions and appetizers for site books and further site areas below. To learn more, see site ideas for instruction,, lessons and lesson plans included,  Also in the English National Curriculum,  also see mathematics key stages 3  and 4 and attainment levels 5 to exceptional performance - the latter altogether they describe secondary school level prerequisites for calculus. Site ideas will give a different and clearer viewpoint of what you have seen before as a teacher, and before that as a student.

Primary School Instructors: For mathematics instruction, year by year, see site area for parents and see site lesson plans for secondary I and secondary II mathematics. The advice and lesson plans give discipline based aims for your mathematics lessons.  In the English National Curriculum,  also see key stages 1 and 2 and attainment levels 1 to 5 for mathematics.

Since the 1990's, I have been looking at the plans of educational authorities and organizations in Quebec and the rest of  North America with the intent of understanding them. But until recently, those plans or standards for mathematics education offer edu-babble, that is, general directions for instruction based on assumptions about the role of technology and based on assumptions about how students learn or should learn,  without clear and full consideration of the underlying course content.  With the details of what should be taught in mathematics inherited without much reflection,  as is or weakened from earlier days.  Content-related difficulties in the exposition or development of skills and concepts are persevered or compounded.  An individual who done well in calculus should be able to read and understand the curricula or course design for primacy and secondary school mathematics before calculus.  Anything less points to a lack of  clarity and intelligence  in North American course design and delivery. And in all this, mathematicians have no say in course design delivery due to their aversion to edubabble and the emphasis there-in of style over substance.  The question where is the content and what should be taught needs to be well-understood before delivery styles are applied. Education is or should be an empirical matter in which hypotheses about how student learn and what to cover should be tried and tested on a small scale, before central planning, if any, begins.

People who advocate education reform should try and test those reforms in ideal to less than ideal situations, and then report how or where  their ideas and material worked.  Teachers parachuted into subject they have never taught before need materials, well-prepared and tested, to provide a lower bound for their instruction.  Education reforms with directions, fresh and not tested, for instruction invite failure.

Site Entrance Continued - More  ideas for students (and teachers too),

4 Ways to Improve Education Reform

  1. Respect inductive principles for course design and delivery. 
  2. Test ideas for reform in optimal and sub-optimal conditions first - reform in haste, repent at leisure. Reforms like drugs should be tested before widespread use. 
  3. Provide materials and methods simple to understand and follow as a lower bound or safety net for teachers parachuted into unfamiliar topics.
  4. For instruction not streamed by ability, for instruction to be inclusive and for instruction of students with poor attendance, develop multi-term or multiyear, multilevel modules to favour self-paced instruction skill and concept mastery.  Include enrich material to slow the more gifted students while everyone else catches.

For instruction, teachers and mathematics education committees need to proactively collect and  review ideas for  not wait for others.  Course design and delivery, and approval of  materials or textbooks in secondary and even primary school mathematics  should include university professors of mathematics, so that content gaps,  inconsistencies and material that is not essential, your standard curriculum pitfalls, are flagged. Good intentions should defer to or combine with discipline knowledge.

The  invention or collection of appetizers and lessons easily understood and followed  in class  is one way to make learning and teaching more effective. Some adjustment or variation will be needed for different cultures, different learning styles, in which students may be passive to active, cooperative to resistance, to instruction, voluntary to compelled. Modular course design may allow instruction to cope with multi-level classrooms and intermittent attendance. And where instructors may be given teaching assignments outside their zone of comfort or expertise,  textbooks and modules easily understood and followed by students and teachers could provide a lower bound for education, and in place of complete confusion may allow first-time  instructors in a discipline to be two pages ahead of students.

The question of how to develop skills and concepts, so the study of mathematics and logic seems purposeful and not endless remains open.  Primary school and junior high school mathematics could provide practical drill and practice on geometric and quantitative figuring and measuring skills and concepts needed daily life at work, in the home and in buying and selling, while offering or providing a thought-based development. But skills and confidence may come from the mastery through rote or comprehensions of methods which give repeatable, reproducible and hence verifiable results.  The direct and simple use of formulas, given if not derived, could be part of this wide ranging, preliminary and practical education. Saying and showing how to use measurement and mathematical methods in a repeatable and reproducible, and hence verifiable manner may be designed to help students who end their studies early while providing an invitation and a context for further studies. Ease of exposition and mastery would be the guide.  Details how need to be determined.

Hope for benefits, but look for the limitations first in any reform, and then provide alternatives.

Mathematics Wars Resume or Continue

In North American states and provinces, educational authorities in their formal plans for primary and secondary mathematics instruction, distract from the question of what should be taught, the course content, through the use of general educational theories terms and assumptions from psychology and general theories of learning, and in addition, especially in Quebec and the rest of North America,  through content description with terms strange or non-standard.  While the plans call for the development of communication skills and critical thinking, the same plans are often unclear and overly complicated in content and direction. Obscurity appears to be a trademark of multi-author documents. In Canada and the rest of  North America that  tradition that is likely to continue in states and provinces, where mathematicians (retired professors with four or five decades of experience in instruction) are allowed no say in course design and delivery.   Educational authorities elsewhere will provide a better model for instruction. See for instance, the Irish. Scottish and English national curricula.  As a mathematics instructor, I want the content to explicitly and clearly defined, and illustrated by examples of what is meant or hope for, Gone are the days when a school or school board picked a book written by an expert, and said that is the curriculum. Instead, we have course design by committee and textbook approval by bureaucrats whose knowledge and comprehension of the discipline is not guaranteed. 

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Three Links for Teachers:
(i) First Year High School Math - Lesson Plans with Fraction Focus (ii) Second Year High School Math - Lesson Plans with an algebra focus (iii) Algebra Lesson Plans

 

Help U Learn/ Teach

  1. Algebra
    words before symbols - direct & indirect use of formula, numerical versus algebraic solutions - what is a variable (more words)
  2. Arithmetic
    - exercises
    - with fractions
    - videos on primes, lcm, gcm,lcd, square roots etc
  3. Calculus - geometric preview, algebraic preview,
    3 study guides,
    much more
  4. Complex numbers
    -starter lesson with java applet - easy consequences  for trig & vectors in the plane
  5. Education
    - Empirical Course Design & Delivery
  6. Fractions
    - alone
    - by rote
    - with algebra
    - videos
  7. Functions - introduction
    hindsight - composition aka
    substitution
    -
  8. Geometry, Euclidean - Correspondence of trianglesTriangle construciton,  duplication & Isometry - Failure of ASA & the // line postulate - angle sum in triangles -// grams - Triangle Similarity
  9. Geometry- Analytic - functions, polynomials, complex numbers, unit circle trigonometry
  10. Logic
    - First Steps -
    Symbols in Logic -
     Occurrence & Truth Tables - Indirect Reason -Indirect Reason More
  11. Proportionality
    - Definition - Direct & Indirect Use - Numerical versus Algebraic Solutions
  12. Real Analysis
    - Decimal View of concepts and of proofs
  13. Rules &Patterns in Science, Technology & Society - Pattern Based Reason
  14. Mathematical Reasoning, empirical, inductive or deductive
  15. Units
    - in rates & slopes & (?) derivatives
    - in ratios & proportions - slopes & rates included
  16. Complex Numbers & Vectors & Trig
    trig expression for dot & cross - cosine law

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