Help Haiti.    Help flood victims in Pakistan

Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason
by A. Selby, Ph. D.   Feedback & Questions

20 pages in French: Algèbre  
 Définition d'une variable
  
La raison basée sur les  règles et modelés


www.whyslopes.com
 > Four Topics & Links Entrance > Fraction Guide     Next ]
The four topics: [ Fraction Guide ] Fractions with Units Guide ] Ratios & Fractions Guide ] Proportionality Guide ] Links ]


Fractions Revisited

A thought-based development for instructor at all levels, and 
for stuident in senior high school and beyond.

  Related Reading:  Seeing how to  Solve Linear Equations with fractional operations on Stick Diagrams may help with fractions and develop the algebraic skills needed to understand the algebraic description of fraction operations in this site. .

Fraction How-TOs Examples

Some students may want to learn how first and see the theory second, or not at all. In that case, see the Fraction How-TOs and the Fraction videos. (Real Player format). 

Step-by-Step  Skill and Concept Review or Development 

  1. What is a Fraction: Meaning of a Fraction  - A whole number counts how many ones,  A fraction counts how many parts of  equal value.  Algebraic Description included. 
  2. Fraction Multiplication I. What is a Unit Fraction of a Unit Fraction? What is a half of a third? What is a unit fraction of a unit fraction? A unit fraction has one in the numerator. Algebraic Description included. 
  3.  Fraction Multiplication II. Unit Fraction of a Simple Fraction: what is a half of two thirds? What is a quarters of seven tenths? 
  4.  Fraction Multiplication III. : What is a Fraction of a Fraction: what is seven quarters of three tenths?  
  5.   Equivalent Fractions:   What is the difference between two quarters and one half? What is the difference between  six eights and three quarters?  What is the difference between an apple and four quarters of the apple?  The thought that there is no difference, that different fractions may describe the same amount, quantity, leads to the idea of equivalent fractions.  Examples of fraction simplifying and equivalence included.
  6.  Multiplication Algebraic Development.  The first, easy case treats the case where the denominator of one fraction is a divisor of the numerator of the second fraction  The general case follows by raising terms in the second factor to apply the easy case. 
  7. Mixed Numbers and Equivalent Fractions: We may describe a distance as 3 half meters or we may describe the same length as 1½ meters. Physically, there is no difference in the distance, only its descriptions. The descriptions 3/2 meters and 1½  meters both have the same value physically. So we declare the numerals 3/2 and 1½ to have the same value, or to be equivalent.   Likewise 3 fifties (half-hundreds) is the same a 1½ hundreds. There is another instance where the fraction 3/2 and the mixed numeral 1½ may be identified as adjectives for the same count or measure.
  8. Comparison of Fraction and comparison of Mixed Numbers:  Algebraic Description included of the first  included. 
  9. Fraction Addition  I Easy case of like denominators - the easy case Algebraic Description included.
  10. Fraction Addition II: General Case of  unlike denominators. the general case follows from raising terms (as little as possible) to use the easy case. 
  11. Examples to show "raising terms" similarities between comparison, addition and subtraction of fractions.
  12. Fraction Addition III: Methods for adding and subtracting  Efficiently - Questions and Problems: (a) How is the list method used to obtain a least common denominator = the least common multiple of a pair of denominators? (b)  How can the prime number decomposition (also known as factorization) be used to calculate the LCM and GCD of a pair of whole numbers? (c) How can Euclid's algorithm be used forwards and backwards to calculate the GCD (the normal result) and then the LCM of a pair of whole numbers? (d) Employ the M-method   to find the sum of eighteen 21st and nine 14-ths? Say which of the latter is more than the other, and find how much more.
  13. Fraction Multiplication IV: Efficient Ways to Multiply Fractions: Learn how to  calculate a few products of fractions with and with the cancellation methods described below for "efficient" multiplication, or more precisely efficient or easier simplification after (cross) cancellation of common factors.  
  14. Fraction Division, Compound Fractions and Reciprocals:   A Physical Introduction to Fraction Division: Explanations, twice-over, are given in the next lesson.  
  15. Fraction Division Methods Explained. See the previous page for an introduction of the fraction division methods or formulas below.  
    Two Step Development Option - Explanation in two smaller steps, first with the easy  like denominators case and second with unlike denominators (Raising terms in dividend and divisor fractions turns the second case into the easy case).
     -  One Step Development Option - Explanation in one big step.
  16. How to do Arithmetic with Rational Numbers, that is signed fractions, signed whole numbers and signed mixed numbers. Here a model for introducing arithmetic with real numbers. 
  17. Arithmetic Videos - Real Player Format
    1. Primes, How to Recognize Them. Extras include statement and justification of rules for division by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11, and the calculation of remainders for division by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11.

    2. Fractions, Operations With. Addition, Multiplication and Reduction (Simplification) using primes, LCM, GCD. Euclid's Algorithm for computing the GCD of a pair of whole numbers provides a method for simplifying fractions, quickly without using prime decomposition of numerators and denominators.

    3. Greatest Common Divisors, Calculation using Primes or Euclid Algorithm.


    4. Least Common Multiples, Calculation using Primes or Greatest Common Divisor

 Related Reading:  Seeing how to  Solve Linear Equations with fractional operations on Stick Diagrams may help with fractions and develop the algebraic skills needed to understand the algebraic description of fraction operations in this site. 

 

Four Topics

Section Entrance

Fraction Guide
Fractions with Units Guide
Ratios & Fractions Guide
Proportionality Guide
Links

Fraction How-TOs ] 1 What is a Fraction ] 2  Fraction Multiplication I ] 3 Fraction Multiplication II ] 4 Fraction  Multiplication III ] 5 Equivalent Fractions ] 6 - Products Algebraically ] 7. Mixed Numbers Etc., ] 8. Fraction Comparison, Etc ] 9  Fraction Addition I ] 10. Fraction Addition II ] 11. Add, Subtract or Compare ] 12. Fraction Addition III ] 13  Fraction Multiplication IV ] 14.  Fraction Division & Reciprocals ] 15. Division Formulas Justified ] 16. Rational Numbers ] 17. Fraction Webvideos ] 18 Geometric Notes ]

 

For Senior High School  & Calculus Students

  <| (o)   (o)   |> 
 \     | |      / 
\___ _/

||
 -/[]\- 
||
   / \_ 

Words  to clearly introduce algebra and variables have been missing in course design. For people who cannot do algebra, 
the missing words may explain or ease their difficulties.  Volume 2 ,Three Skills for Algebra,  in Chapters 8 to 14 & 18 etc, puts words before symbols to providing the missing words in a way that enrich the comprehension of all.  Those words form the middle part of a algebra (and logic) lessons aimed at helping or improving all of  high school mathematics and also calculus course design & delivery. 

For Avid Readers in School & Out - Online Books 
   1.  Elements of Reason. 1996 
1A. Pattern Based Reason  1995 
1B. Math Curriculum Notes 1996 
2. Three Skills for Algebra  1995 
3.
Why Slopes & More.Math 1995
Tour their 
forewords.   

Calculus Prep or Help: See Volumes 2 & 3, and this bigger Calculus Guide.  If your  calculus   questions is not answered here, submit it. Over time, that may complete the site development of calculus. 

For Parents: Speaking Skills, Reading & Writing Preparing for Scienceends, values and methods for work and study,  parent- friendly maths skill development booklets for ages 4-14.

Mostly For High School

Intro to Solving Linear Equations
 
- a different paths for junior and even senior high school students. Question for Tutors: When do you use and when you skip the stick diagram method here?

Fraction Skills,  thought-based  development, Ages 10 to 14 may need a tutor.  Students who have to understand in order to do may like the development in all or part. 

For Senior High School Mathematics & Calculus

5
wordy Logic Chapters
4 curious Algebra Chapters
Words before & besides symbols. A Key Algebra forward & backwards Chapter   
 

First Calculus Preview (1st intro)
Four Calculus Chapters  (2nd intro)
Intro to Complex Numbers (long)
Intro to Mathematical Induction (romantic & wordy at first)

Tutors & Instructors: These lessons introduce skills differently Would you recommend them? 

More Topics 

1. Decimal Arithmetic  Reference!
2. Integers - Intro to Signed No.s

3.  Fractions - fully explained.
4.  Fractions  with Units  
5.   Number Theory
6.    Solving Linear Equations  
Formulas for- & backwards -  
8.  Proportionality, Back- & For-wards.   
9. Logic Chapters:   
10.  Euclidean-Geometry  
11.  Slopes & Equations of Straight Lines.  (Take I. See take II below)
12.  Why Study Slopes
13. Maps, Plans,  Similarity & Trig,  
  (Take II included here)
14.  Quadratics: Starter lessons
15.  Polynomials: Starter lessons 
16 Why Factor Polynomials:  
17   Functions - Forwards & Backwards.  
18.  Exponents, Radicals & logs.  
19
Complex Numbers before trig (new advance/ starter lesson)
20.  DC Electric Circuits Etc 
21.
Real  Analysis 
22. The Olde Complex No, Trig
& Vector Section.
23. More Calculus Stuff
- written after Volumes 2 and 3.

Level I Material: New Stuff
Time and Date Matters
Level I Arithmetic. 
Money Matters
Measurement Matters
Matters of Chance (Risk Control)
Logic Chapters (leave what's not clear in Level I to Level II)
Using/Making Maps and Plans.
(A variant of
Maps, Plans,  Similarity & Trig,  to appear here).

For Instructors
-
Education Essays   (opinions, possibilities, references) 
- Free Advice and Directions for teaching primary & high school maths will be given in online meeting place with voice & whiteboard.   
- Math & Logic  How-TOs 
1. Arithmetic
2. Algebra
3. More Algebra
4.  Beginner Geometry
5.  More Geometry
6. Calculus 
7. Show Work or Logic 
These may be too dense for students.

Offering ideas to change education makes this site different.  Nothing ventured, nothing gained.  Site material is mathematically  correct, and where not, please report errors. The two level program POMME in the site entrance implies multiple paths for instruction. Supporting those paths in turn implies a clear destination  for site development and perhaps a new name.


 


 www.whyslopes.com > Four Topics & Links Entrance > Fraction Guide     Next ]
The four topics: [ Fraction Guide ] Fractions with Units Guide ] Ratios & Fractions Guide ] Proportionality Guide ] Links ]


Road Safety Message   Walk on a side walk. If that is not possible, try  not to  walk on a road with your back to the traffic.
Try to see what  trucks, cars, buses or bicycles are coming, so that you may step out of their way.  Put safety first. .

Support for Technical Mathematics from Number Theory to Calculus Prep

A. More Arithmetic a must for algebra etc D. Logic In Mathematics G. Algebra with Take Home Value I. Vectors & Functions
Decimal Lesson - Reference  
Counting & Addition
   (8 lessons)
Comparison to Subtraction
  (9 lessons)
Multiplication
( 11 lessons)
Long Division  (12 lessons)
Decimals and Primes (8 lessons)
-Primes & Composites 
-Primes Factorization
-Greatest Common Divisors & Multiples.
 
-Prime Factorization Aids 
(Learn how to find factors quickly)
-Prime Factorization Examples
 
-Counting & Generating. Factors

-Divisibility Rules and Remainders for Division by 2, 3, 5, 9 and 11.
Integers (12 lessons) Intro to Signed Numbers
Fractions (< 20 lessons)  Essential Skills & Concepts 
Ratios & Fractions (3 lessons):  Similarities & Differences
  
Units in calculations
Fractions  with Units
B.  Basic Algebra
Solving Linear Equations  
- in one unknown. Intro  with stick diagrams?
the normal way
 & with good nttn.
(the nttn that reappears in Gaussian Elimination. |
-in more unknowns: simultaneous equations essentially one unknown. the let algebra do the work view of  word problems.
  - still in more unknowns:  Gaussian Elimination via substitution, by equality or comparison, by operations on equations
C. More Algebra
Words before symbols: See if U like the lengthy chapters 8 to 12 in Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra  
What is a Variable.  The answer here  is a simple prequel to the modern mathematics viewpoint.
First, every rule & pattern U meet in math, logic & science will be used forwards and backwards.  Get a head start with this theme by reading  Chapter 14 in Three Skills for AlgebraSecond, in the study of Proportionality Relations (3 dense lessons here) finding the proportionality constant gives an initial  backward  use of the proportionality formula.
 Talking about words before symbols and the forward and backward use of formulas gives words to make algebra simpler & clearer.  
If you can not read or write precisely, you will have difficulty in following instructions.  One wordy remedy  is given by chapters 2 to 5  in Three Skills for AlgebraWhere does Logic or a geometric model for reason Appear in Mathematics? The answer lies in  Euclidean-Geometry    In North America, Euclidean Geometry disappeared from high school mathematics as it was too hard. The light treatment here is a possible remedy.
E.  More Geometry
The Pythagorean Theorem. Chapter 17 from  in Three Skills for Algebra uses algebra and geometry   to show why the  Pythagorean equation  for right triangles holds. Its forward and backward use  is common exercise..  At a more theoretical level, the Pythagorean theorem leads the discovery that not all lengths can be  fractional multiples of a unit length. That geometrically implies a  need for and even existence of irrational numbers.
Analytic Geometry:
Common Practices with  Maps and Plans drawn to scale  give coordinate-dependent base  for senior high school development of similarity, trig, vectors and straight lines.   
Complex Numbers: This lesson on
Complex Numbers  draws on Euclidean and Analytic geometry. Sbortcuts simplifiy  trig identities, the cosine law; and   trig formulas for 2D dot- and cross-products. 

F. Logarithms, Exponentials,
Roots & Powers

Logarithms, exponentials, rational and real powers for secondary students. This  complete Operational Viewpoint. (Sufficient for the precalculus forward and backward use of compound growth and decay formulas in biology, physics, chemistry,  personal finance, and calculus. To learn more, if you study calculus,  see chapter 19 of Volume 3, Why Slopes and More.Math

In Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra, chapters
  1. Geometric Sums Etc,
  2. Notation For Sums,
  3. Personal Money Maths and
  4. Some Finite Mathematics
identify methods useful in money computations, methods needed for calculus. Your teachers or other writer may present the same ideas with greater clarity and detail - A site to do.

H. Polynomial & Quadratics

Analytic Geometry:   -  Slopes and Lines - Take 1.   Take 2 appears in site section Maps and Plans.   Two views are better than one.  I may combine them later.  -In my school days, slopes appeared year after year.   This Why  Slopes calculus preview on graphs of functions y = f(x) explains why.  Enjoy.
Quadratics and Polynomials: Operations on Polynomials:
Meet a light and ultraquick geometric introduction to  multiplication, addition and subtraction of polynomials. Then see how the foregoing combine to permit long division of polynomials.    Compare Fractions  with Units. Enrichment: A Plus:  The Geometric introduction here gives or is almost identical to a justification for column methods in decimal arithmetic. 
Geometric Derivation of the Quadratic Formula  The account here gives a starter lesson for the more algebraically harder geometric-free derivation. If you study physics, chemistry or trigonometry, you will need to know about quadratics, their factorization and the quadratic formula.
Technical Value: The study of polynomials  high school mathematics has technical value as part of the senior high school mathematics preparation for calculus.  This simple account of Why Factor Polynomials   (Chapters 2 to 6 in Volume 3 .Why.Slopes.&.More.Math.) will give a context for the study of polynomials,  their factorization, and sign analysis of functions, all in a way that should improve your algebraic thinking and reasoning skills. 
Vectors in the Plane (2 simple lessons)
- Navigation with vectors or arrows
- Sum of Motions
- more lessons to be added later.
Operations on movement or vectors along the line and in the plane have value in mathematics in defining and implying the properties of real and complex numbers before the assumption of those properties as axioms.  Vectors and their properties appear in physics, its mathematical description and formulation. 
Functions - Forwards & Backwards.  Here is a full technical reference (24 lessons) for use in a calculus or precalculus course as needed. In it, the set viewpoint of functions expression of modern pure mathematics.  comes from the set-based codification and
In the mathematics education reforms of the 1960s in North America, primary and secondary school mathematics were expressed in terms of sets. That expression has now retreated from primary and secondary school texts. But it still lingers on, and can be very useful, a source of clarity and precision, in the situations where it should be retained: Counting with the aid of sets and functions; the description of functions; the high school account of probability theory; and in the discussion or illustration of ideas in logic. 

J. Pre-Calculus Skill Check

Arithmetic Skill Check.  In the calculus courses I taught 1983-89, too many students had weak skills in arithmetic. I would give and carefully correct these exercises to tell students what they needed to review and master.  
-  All the skills and concepts in 
Chapters 1 to 24 or Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra: Look for those you do not understand and fill the gaps. Do so quickly while balancing this advice with  your other duties.  Good luck.

All trademarks and copyrights on this page are owned by their respective owners.
Copyright to comments & contributions are owned by the Poster. 
The Rest © 1995 onward by site author,   Alan Selby
,  All Rights Reserved.