Appetizers and Lessons for Mathematics and Reason (www.whyslopes.com)
||Définition d'une variable || Algèbre || Arithmetique || Logique ||La raison basée sur les règles et modelés||

Online Volumes
1,  Elements of Reason.
1A. Pattern Based Reason 
1B. Math Curriculum Notes
2. Three Skills for Algebra
3. Why Slopes & More Math

 (Optional Book Orders)
More Site Areas 
1. Help Your Child or Teen Learn 
2. Solving Linear Equations
3. Fractions Ratios Rates Proportions & Units
4. Euclidean Geometry
5. Analytic Geometry/Functions 
6. Number Theory
7. More Calculus
More Site Areas 
8. Complex Numbers 
9. Qc Maths  Education  
10. Secondary IV(?) maths
11. Real  Analysis 
12. LaTeX2HotEqn:
13. Electric Circuits Etc  
14.  Français
15. Algebra, Odds & Ends, Etc
More Site Areas 
16. Math Education Essays
17. Telling & Working with Time
18. Maps, Plans & Drawings
19. Quantitative Skills for  home, shopping and work 
20. Statistics Useful, or Not.
Try the
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to work online with others.

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YOU are better than YOU think. Show yourself  how:  

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Read  logic chapters 1 to 5  in online volume Three Skills for Algebra  for greater skills & confidence in  work 
and study

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 Logic chapters 1 to 5  re- appear not in sequence, as is or longer,  in  Volume 1A,  Pattern Based Reason, Bon Appetite.

Logic Mastery
 Amazing, Amusing, Amorous,  Delicious, Delightful, Edifying, Strengthening Elixir. 
It eases work & learning difficulties Makes the hard easier. Opens eyes. Leads to greater precision.
in reading and
writing

Logic mastery makes the hard, easier. Logic mastery  leads to better, stronger and richer comprehension.  Logic mastery  improves reading and writing.  Logic mastery ease learning difficulties.  Logic mastery gives a headstart.  In sum, logic mastery  will develops critical thinking, improve reading and writing, and give a firmer base for work and studies at many levels. Good luck.


After logic  (a) continue reading Three Skills for Algebra, chapters 8 to 14  and do so alongside site area on solving liinear Equations ; or (b) see this calculus starter lesson and Volume 3, Why Slopes  & More Math, chapters 2 to 6;

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Caution: Site advice is approximately correct, for some circumstances, not all. That leaves room for thought

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What may be learnt and when depends on how skills and concepts are developed. Making the hard easier and clearer will allow earlier & richer development of skills and concepts.


Try the Twiddla Whiteboard. In principle, it  allows to people to draw and chat together online on a copy of this webpage or a clean sheet. The chat may be via text or audio.  Visit www.twiddla.com to set up whiteboards to work with the webpage of your choice.

For online automated help in senior high school maths & calculus, visit  quickmath.com  For Automatic Calculus and Algebra Help with derivatives, integrals, graphs, linear equations, matrix algebra, visit calc101.com  With  overlap, each site quickmath & calc101offers a different range of services, some free, some not, all based on webmathematica. Good luck.

 

Three Goals to Set for students.

  • A. Master the rules, methods or patterns in arithmetic, algebra, trig and calculus so that in your hands, they lead to the same results as others - repeatable, reproducible and hence correct results.  If you belong to a group of students whose results differ after using the same method to arrive at them, you or the group have problem. More drill and practice will be required alone or with help.

First Sign of Intelligence: The patience and ability to figure well, to follow multistep method in arithmetic carefully, precisely,  to a right answer, points to and develops  the ability to read and write clearly, with precision and not with confusion in many arts and disciplines.

  • B. Watch for the use or combination of rules and patterns, one at a time and one after another, in sequence, which gives or suggest new rules and patterns.

Second Sign of Intelligence: If you see how rules and patterns can be combined to get results or more rules and patterns, you have found the key to the thought-based development of more skills and concepts, those to come and if you like, those you have seen. 

  • C. Watch for the origins of rules and patterns to understand their benefits and limitations.

Third Sign of Intelligence: If you develop ability and interest to see and know the limitations of rule and pattern based reasoning in theory and practice at home, at  school, at work and in society in general, you are becoming a critical thinker.  Good luck. This third sign of intelligence is not always appreciated.

In arithmetic and beyond, students need to learn  to apply  rule and patterns one at a time and then in combination,  one after another, in repeatable, reproducible and hence verifiable manner. In days gone by, precision figuring skills were taken as a sign of intelligence or potential to follow, if not bend, rules and methods, with precision to meet the needs at hand.  Rules and patterns with repeatable, reproducible and therefore verifiable results literally provide a base for society to function, but there is a caution.  Rules and patterns once found or given  need not be fair, nor sustainable in the long-term. Their assumption always involves some risk.  The knowledge of how to use rule and patterns in a precise,  repeatable and reproducible way, and the knowledge of the benefits, origin and limitations are both needed for  critical thinking and  intelligent  problem solving at many levels.

II. Supporting Aims A and B

After arithmetic, an operational command of quantitative skills sufficient for mathematics to pre-calculus level may follow from lessening algebraic difficulties as indicated the site entrance, from mastering logic and from the assumption and geometric interpretation of  the properties of real and complex numbers, from the easier consequences of those properties, and from the assumption of that all real numbers have decimal expansions, finite or infinite. The geometric introduction of complex numbers only requires and involves the junior high school level familiarity of coordinates, translations, reflections and rotations in the plane, and may be use to develop that familiarity.

See site areas: 2. Linear Equations & Fraction Skills  3. Fractions Ratios Rates Proportions Units  5. Analytic Geometry 8. Complex Numbers 10. Secondary IV(?) math;  the online volumes 2. Three Skills for Algebra and 3. Why Slopes (A Calculus Intro) & More Math and the site area 7. More Calculus. The material here can be presented as rules and patterns to use and combine with confidence in results coming from their repeatable,  reproducible, and therefore verifiable nature. The coverage of logic here aims to develop precision reading and writing, and an understanding of how implication rules B IF A can be used and combined directly, one at a time and one after another.

The support of aims A and B advocated here may be simple, short and effective enough to allow more students to start calculus while also serving the needs of students heading for business and technical trades (surveyor, plumber, carpenter or electrician) for which calculus is not normally required. 

In starting the development of trigonometry after the introduction of complex numbers AND the assumption of the field properties of complex numbers, turns the development into an algebraic exercise and so make trigonometry and the properties of vectors in the plane easier and more accessible.  (Complex numbers are not in mathematics 436)

III. Supporting Aims B and C

Axioms and postulates in mathematics are labels for rules or patterns that have been assumed in order to secure a base for deduction.  Further rules and patterns are then tested in mathematics by looking for direct or indirect chains of reason (arguments) that imply them. That provides a proof. Rules and patterns thus proven may then being used in further tests or proofs. The weakness of this deductive (more rigorous) style of reason lies in the choice of initial axioms and postulates.  Chains of reason provide stories to follow one at a time and one after another. But these stories, rigorously or deductive put together through chains of reason, become works of fiction when the initial axioms or postulate are not true. On the other hand, if there are elements of truth in the original axioms and postulates, these stories may be non-fictional.

The mixed mathematics development of synthetic (coordinate-free) 4. Euclidean Geometry in site pages inductively suggests and clearly identifies geometric rules and patterns, those assumed for use in deductive reasoning. There is motivation here for the indirect statement of the parallel postulate as given by Euclid, namely the assumption that two lines segments extended will meet on side of a transversal will  if the interior angles on that side of the transversal sum to less  than two right angles. This coverage of Euclidean geometry with the selection of a unit length and  assumptions about coordinates and their decimal representation to imply the field properties of real and complex numbers taken as assumptions in the support for aims A and B above.

Most, if not all,  of the deductive chains of reason offered here will be direct. Ease of exposition, making the ideas more accessible, is the objective here. That being said, in  the development of Euclidean and then Analytic Geometry here, there is focus on the possible origins of assumptions - how they can be suggested by and extrapolated from experience. Besides this, there is a focus on deductively deriving the consequences.

IV. Modern Set-Based Mathematics

Modern mathematics with its set-based description of axioms for real numbers given (or derived from assumptions about sets or natural numbers) provides a geometry-free, model for understanding, describing and developing the properties of real and complex numbers, and also properties of functions which appear in calculus, all apart from the use or mention of decimals.  Geometry-free means there is no dependence on diagrams or suggestive reason.  But there is a great dependence on direct and indirect deductive reason, and on the shorthand role of letters and symbols to codify, record and develop concepts and results.

In North America, if not elsewhere, modern mathematics curricula from birth in the late 1950s to abandonment in the late 1970s or 1980s with their set-based presentation of axioms for real numbers aimed to prepare students for the more rigorous treatment met in university programs of study in pure mathematics. But the introduction of modern mathematics curricula used geometry to introduce and illustrate the properties of real numbers, avoided all mention of decimals in the representation and properties of real numbers, and required arithmetic skills with decimals in examples involving calculations or coordinates, and used geometric diagrams to introduce functions. There are was also no systematic development of the algebraic way of writing and reasoning. It was just assumed.  So the modern mathematics curricula while preparing for  pure, geometry-free and decimal-free,  mathematics did so inconsistently and awkwardly. 



www.whyslopes.com
Lesson & Lesson Plans for
Sec IV (Maths 436)


a reference for learning and teaching functions, polynomials, solving linear systems, 
powers + exponents + bases + radicals (roots) , quadratic formulas, equations of straight lines

1A. Master Logic
1B. Problems Solving Method
2A Solve Linear Equations i
2B.Solve Linear Equation II
2C Use Equal Sign Properly
2D. Perfect Arithmetic Skills
3 Words & Symbols
3 Goals to Set for Students
4 Use Equations Backwardly
5. Master Functions & Relations
6. Exponents & Radicals I
6 Exponents & Radicals II
7. Straight Lines
8. Polynomials (x,/,+/-)
9. Quadratics
10 Prove it
13 Similarity Scale Factors
12 Trig & Triangles
14 Statistics
MEQ Intermediate Objectives
Remarks for Teachers


Sit down and study - no one else can do that for you.

Advice and Directions
What to do in School   & Why
How to Study Maths & Why

Preparing for Science 

Good News: If you can learn to follow a multi-step methods in any subject precisely, you should be able to do so in other subjects, as well. Hint: Start with arithmetic

Words Before Symbols: 
What is a Variable?
Level:  Secondary II to VI, or Grades 7 to 12)
Introduction
Variation between Examples

Variation of Letters

A letter denotes a variable

Cases of Double Variation

Three Notions of a Variable

Constants, Parameters
& Variables

Talking about numbers
Dependent or Independent
Variable, a Matter of Choice

Complex number starter lesson  

Arithmetic Videos
Fractions
Primes
Greatest Common Divisors

Least Common Multiples

Square Root Simplification

Arithmetic Videos

Decimal Addition Methods
Decimal Subtraction Methods
Decimal Multiplication Methods
Decimal Division Methods


Fraction Starter Lesson
(simplify, multiply, divide & 
then add or subtract)


 

 

 



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The Rest © 1995 onward by site author,   Alan Selby,
a 1983 McGill. Ph. D. in mathematics
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