Online Volumes (Book Orders)
1,  Elements of Reason. 1996
1A. Pattern Based Reason  1995
1B. Math Curriculum Notes 1996
2. Three Skills for Algebra  1995
3.
_Why_Slopes_&_More_Math_1995

Links To Tutoring Services

Parents: Help your child or teen learn
Site  Folders
1. Arithmetic Videos  11-2008
2.  Algebra Videos (to appear)
3. Solving Linear Equations  04-2005
4.- Fractions-Rates-Proprtns-Units-2006
5.-Algebra-Odds-&-Ends-HS-level-2001
6.-Euclidean-Geometry/Complex No.s
7.  Analytic Geometry/Functions 2006
8.  Number Theory. 2006-7
9.  Complex Numbers More 2001.  10  Exponents & Radicals Exactly 2008
11. Calculus  2005
12.Real  Analysis 1995
13. Electric Circuits Etc  2007
More Folders
Mathematics How TOs & site 
content guides  08- 2008
1. Arithmetic
2. Algebra 
3. More Algebra 
4. Geometry  
5. More Geometry
6. Calculus
  Number Theory  Back ] Next ]    

Number Theory 

This site area outlines and reflects upon a development of the properties of real and complex numbers from counting (enumeration) and geometric assumptions.  The newer arithmetic with decimals and fraction site folder follows and with growth will follow a variant of this older development, and will include some further reflections.   The division of folder pages into two groups is some arbitrary. 

A. Start of Number Theory

The webpages 

Origins of Counting or Tallying
Adding Wholes
Multipling Wholes
Distributive Law  Preamble
Distributive Law for Wholes
Consequences
More Consequences
What is a Fraction
Compound Fractions

starts with a development of enumeration principles and consequences for whole and natural numbers. 

The student of pure mathematics may recast all or most in terms of  the set-theoretic development of modern mathematics (1905 onward) and provide missing details using mathematical induction.

B. Number Theory Continued

Decimal Place Value
Place Value Reinforcement
Addition Method
Comparison Method
Subtraction Methods
Multiplication Methods
Division Methods
Long Division Continued
Remainder Arithmetic I
Primes & Composites
Primes Factorization Theorem
Primes & Composites
Prime Factorization Examples
Counting  Whole No.  Factors
Prime Factorization Aids
Square Roots  & Primes
Fractions & Decimals
Fractions as Decimals
1 = 0.999 Recurring
Infinite Decimals Expansion Arithmetic
Ratio of Simple Fractions
Ratio of Decimal Fractions
Unsigned Reals Numbers
Signed Coordinates
Plane Vectors
Horizontal Vectors
Adding Vector Multiplies
Adding Signed Numbers
Multiplying Signed Numbers
Distributive Law for Reals
Real Numbers Axioms
Remainder Arithmetic II

The Number Theory Continued webpages provide explanations for decimal place value methods for comparing, adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing whole numbers. In particular,  The first six explore decimal place value and how with the aid of the distributive law, it justifies methods for comparison, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division of whole numbers.  Full explanation of column methods for arithmetic are included here. 

The lesson Remainder  Arithmetic explores and justifies the decimal-based rules for recognizing multiples of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Consideration of  arithmetic modulo these whole numbers lead to remainder arithmetic,  computing methods for the remainders when whole numbers are divided by  2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11. Divisibility rules are  included by the special cases where the remainder is zero.  Remainder calculations here for the number 7 may be unique. 

Webpages Primes & CompositesPrime FactorizationArithmetic VideosSquare Roots  develop an enriched computational view of primes and factors for use in  arithmetic with whole numbers and fractions and in further mathematics subjects at the high school and college level. 

The remaining pages offer a thought-based framework for a concrete derivation of the field properties of real numbers. Familiarity with fractions is assumed. 

The remaining pages provide a logical development of the properties of real numbers and real number arithmetic from enumeration principles, assumptions about vectors in the line and plane,  properties of  fractions and decimal representation of unsigned fractions and unsigned real numbers to  the field properties of real numbers. Some unique arguments appear here.  

The proof here of the distributive law for real numbers is based on the notions that the real number line is a one-dimensional  vector space over the set of real number and the choice of a base vector, the unit vector,  should not affect the computations.  Indeed, the latter principle,, that is the choice of a base vector for vector addition should not affect the result of vector addition,  is a consequence of the distributive law. A similar proof is indicated for obtaining the distributive law for complex numbers.  Details may be given later.

The last page, Remainder Arithmetic for Real Numbers, extends the modular or remainder arithmetic developed for natural numbers - Explore concepts useful for the discussion of  sinusoidal functions.

Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Developments

Some of the counting principles in this site area are met in college mathematics as consequences of mathematical induction in some college mathematics programs. These counting principles are also met implicitly in the primary school development of counting and arithmetic skills and concepts.  Their explicit recognition in primary and secondary school might lead to greater coherency in the thought-based development of mathematics from counting with pebbles and more manipulatives to intermediate calculus.

Modern mathematics obtains real numbers abstractly via long deductive chains of reason and definitions starting with say axioms for set theory, all without any dependent on diagrams, except perhaps for illustration. The adoption of the axioms (assumed patterns) and the following codification and development of mathematics represents an instrinsic viewpoint, modulo the axioms. 

  In contrast, the applied mathematics  development and application of trigonometry and calculus in the classroom requires the drawing of diagrams to introduce concepts and to  make comprehension possible. For instruction, the exposition of modern mathematics in the high school classroom sooner or later met the diagrams used to motivate and even develop trigonometry, if not calculus.  So a pure intrinsic development is pedagogically impossible. 

The number theory development in this site area employs diagrams in arguments as part of logical, but accessible diagram-dependent exposition that may be more accessible than starting without diagrams. There-in lies a pre-modern extraction of the properties of numbers, whole to real and complex, from geometric practices and assumptions with the aid of counting principles. The level of rigour in this applied mathematics, Euclidean Geometry with coordinates, development is equal to that which arose in the modern mathematics curricula of the 1955 to 1985 period in the development of geometry, trigonometry and calculus.  In retrospect, the modern mathematics curricula was too zealous in their attachment to the form and content of pure mathematics, and so pedagogically inconsistent.  

 An extrinsic, applied mathematics, Euclidean Geometry with coordinates, development does not meet the level of rigor of pure mathematics, but in the greater liberty that affords, points a consistent approach to mathematics course design and delivery. That approach is outlined in the site folder on LAMP (Logic and Applied Mathematics Program), for teen and adult instruction.  Future site growth will follow that outline closely, but not too closely as further reflections point to refinements. Site How-Tos written since indicate some of the work to be done, or the work that has been done. 

We have to remember that the axiomatic form of  modern mathematics was developed in part  to meet the needs or desire of mathematicians for a firmer foundation for the discipline. It was not designed for classroom use. The modern mathematics curricular represented a later adaptation.  And before the appearance of the axiomatic pure mathematics codification in 1903-5, mathematics students and teachers, some not all, had a knowledge of numbers, whole to complex,  that did not depend on the codification. The extrinsic, applied mathematics, Euclidean Geometry with coordinates indicated in site pages most likely represents a more rigorous codification of approaches that appeared before the success of the axiomatic method in pure mathematics. The extrinsic development represents the end of an endeavor which began with the recognition of difficulties in connecting applied mathematics (the use of coordinates in drawings) with pure mathematics. See Volume 1B, Mathematics Curriculum Notes, 1996, for some clarification.  There is room for thought and better comprehension of the foregoing by the site author, alone or with help. 

 

Number Theory

A. Start of Number Theory

Origins of Counting or Tallying
Adding Wholes
Multipling Wholes
Distributive Law  Preamble
Distributive Law for Wholes
Consequences
More Consequences
What is a Fraction
Compound Fractions

B. Number Theory
Continued


Decimal Place Value
Place Value Reinforcement
Addition Method
Comparison Method
Subtraction Methods
Multiplication Methods
Division Methods
Long Division Continued
Remainder Arithmetic I
Primes & Composites
Primes Factorization Theorem
Primes & Composites
Prime Factorization Examples
Counting  Whole No.  Factors
Prime Factorization Aids
Square Roots  & Primes
Fractions & Decimals
Fractions as Decimals
1 = 0.999 Recurring
Infinite Decimals Expansion Arithmetic
Ratio of Simple Fractions
Ratio of Decimal Fractions
Unsigned Reals Numbers
Signed Coordinates
Plane Vectors
Horizontal Vectors
Adding Vector Multiplies
Adding Signed Numbers
Multiplying Signed Numbers
Distributive Law for Reals
Real Numbers Axioms
Remainder Arithmetic II

Related Site Folders

Euclidean-Geometry/Complex No.s
Complex Numbers More 2

 


www.whyslopes.com   Back ] Next ] [Top of this Page]   

Road Safety Message  Do not walk on a road with your back to the traffic - rule of thumb
Please report by
email,  errors in mathematics or grammar or terminology to site author
If an arithmetic topic you need is not covered in site pages,  report that as well. Topics in most demand
will be covered first in site growth.  

All trademarks and copyrights on this page are owned by their respective owners.
Copyright to comments & contributions are owned by the Poster. 
The Rest © 1995 onward by site author,   Alan Selby (
email form) All Rights Reserved.