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1,  Elements of Reason. 1996
1A. Pattern Based Reason  1995
1B. Math Curriculum Notes 1996
2. Three Skills for Algebra  1995
3.
_Why_Slopes_&_More_Math_1995

More Site Areas 
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2.-Fractions-Rates-Proportns-Units-2006
3.  Algebra, Odds & Ends, HS level-2001
4.-Euclidean-Geometry/Complex No.s 
5.  Analytic Geometry/Functions 2006
6.  Number Theory. 2006-7
7.  Complex Numbers More 2001
8.  Calculus Introduction 2005
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9   Real  Analysis 1995
10. Secondary IV? maths 2006-7
11. Math Education Essays  2006-7
12. LaTeX2HotEqn: 2004
13. Electric Circuits Etc  2007
14. Quebec Math Education 2004
15-Prequel-to-the-How-TOs-06-2008
How TOs/ Ref.-08- 2008
1. Arithmetic Reference
2. Algebra 
3. More Algebra 
4. Geometry  
5. More Geometry
6. Calculus
7. Logics in Maths

YOU are better than YOU think. Show yourself  how:

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 For better work & study skills, read chapters 2  in  Three Skills for Algebra. Sooner is better. Good luck.

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 Logic Mastery
 Amazing, Amusing, Amorous,  Delicious, Delightful, Edifying, Strengthening Elixir. 
It eases work & learning difficulties Makes the hard easier. Opens eyes. Leads to greater precision.
in reading and writing

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Caution: Site advice is approximately correct, for some circumstances, not all. . That leaves room for thought and refinement..

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Online Volume 2, Three Skills for Algebra, Chapters 1 to 25 - skip 18., verbalizes and explains key skills and concepts, those needed in calculus, again to make the hard easier. A visual understanding of complex numbers may serve as back ground info for partial fraction decomposition.

Difference of two squares.

Lessons on Quadratics: [Summary - the Program] Graphing Exercises ] Graph y = a[(x-h)^2 +k] Theory ] Factoring Quadratics ] [ Difference of Two Squares ] Completing the Square ] Convert to Standard Form (Arith) ] Quadratic Formula ] Finding Coefficients ] Applications ] Quadratics Summary ] Exercises ]

The following column multiplication shows why the difference of two squares identity hold

(C+A)(C-A) =  C2 - A2   


Column Multiplication

C + A
C  - A  (times)
CA + C2
-AC  - A2   (add)
    C2 - A2 


The identity

(C+A)(C-A) =  C2 - A2   

in equivalent form

C2 - A2 = (C+A)(C-A)

shows how the difference of two squares may be factored.


Example (I) - Applied to Numbers

36 - 16

= 62 - 42            C2 - A2 
= (6+4)(6-4)      (C+A)(C-A)
= (10)(2)
= 20

Example (II) - Applied to Expressions

x2 - 25 

= x2 - 52            C2 - A2 
= (x+5)(x-5)      (C+A)(C-A)

Example (III) - Applied to Expressions

(2x-3)2 - 100 

=(2x-3)2 - 102            C2 - A2 
= ((2x-3)+10)((2x-3) -10)     (C+A)(C-A)
= (2x+7)(2x-13)

The Zero Product Law

Exercise - or food for thought.:

Find the value of the missing digits ABC in the following puzzle

234
ABC (times)
000
000
000 (add)
000

Assumption: If all the factors in a  product are nonzero then the product is nonzero.

The equivalent contrapositive form of this assumed implication rule is the following: Zero Product Law

If a product equals zero then at least one of its factors equals zero

The zero product law, its direct or indirect assumption,  provides a reason for factoring quadratics and further polynomials p(x) for which the question where does p(x) = 0 is of interest.

Two ways to solve equations:

Example A.

Suppose we want to solve

0 = x2 - 25 = (x+5)(x-5).

The latter was shown above in example II

The solve an equation route would be to observe

 x2 = 25 requires x = 5 or x = -5
since 5 = the principal square root of 25.

The factorization route may be to observe that both factors in the product (x+5)(x-5)  = x2 - 25 will be nonzero when x does not have the values + 5 or -5. The only way that one of the factors and hence the product can be zero is if x = 5 or x = -5.

Example B.

Suppose we want to solve

0 = (2x-3)2 - 100 =  (2x+7)(2x-13)

The latter was shown above in example III.

The equation route to solve is say

(2x-3)2 =  100 requires

  2x -3 = 10  or 2x -3 = -10.
Therefore      
  2x  = 13  or 2x = -7.
Therefore      
  x = 13/2 = 6.5  or x =-7/2 = -3.5

Check that for x = 6.5 and x = -3.5, both satisfy

0 = (2x-3)2 - 100  or (2x-3)2 =  100

Now the factoring route observes

(2x-3)2 - 100 =  (2x+7)(2x-13)

and that the product can only be zero if and only if

 2x+ 7 = 0 or 2x - 13 = 0

or equivalently, if and only if,

2x = -7 or 2x = 13

or equivalently, if and only if,

x = -7/2 = -3.5 or  x = 13/2 = 6.5

This is the same result as before, except for the order of the solutions, an immaterial matter.

In solving quadratic and other polynomial equations, you have a choice between the factorization route and the equation solving route. Choose the route that is most convenient if that is permitted by your instructor.

 

 

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Using formulas forwards & Backwards - A unifying theme for algebra from using proportionality relations to finding formulas for inverse functions.  Three Skills for Algebra!

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